Glossary

Esco Aster Website Glossary

Keyword Definition
Acetylation A chemical process where an acetyl group is added to a compound, typically replacing a hydrogen atom. It's a form of organic esterification using acetic acid.
Active Ingredient A substance in a product that provides biologically active or other direct effect in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease or to affect the structure or any function of the body of humans or animals.
Adherent Cell Culture A type of cell culture method which involves growing cells attached to a surface/carriers, promoting cell adhesion and growth.
Adipocytes Also known as “fat cells”, are the primary constituents of adipose tissue, specialized in storing energy as fat.
Affinity Chromatography A separation method based on a specific binding interaction between an immobilized ligand and its binding partner.
Allogeneic Cell Therapy Refers to using cells from a donor, different from the recipient, to treat diseases.
Amino Acid Molecules used by all living things to make proteins
Analytical Testing A broad term used to describe various techniques that are used to identify the chemical makeup or characteristics of a particular sample
Animal Health Encompasses the well-being of livestock and companion animals, crucial for food security, human health, and environmental balance.
Anions Anions are negative ions—they are negatively charged because they have gained one or more electrons and therefore have more electrons than protons.
Antibodies Also known as “immunoglobulins”, are crucial proteins generated by the immune system to recognize and neutralize foreign bodies like viruses or bacteria.
Antibody Caninization A process that involves modifying antibodies to resemble those found in dogs.
Antibody Felinization A process that involves modifying antibodies to resemble those found in cats.
Antigens Refers to diverse molecules that trigger immune responses in the body by stimulating the production of antibodies. These can be proteins, peptides, polysaccharides, lipids, or nucleic acids, found on the surface of cells or introduced from outside sources.
Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs) A class of small peptides that widely exist in nature and they are an important part of the innate immune system of different organisms.
Anti-nerve Growth Factor (NGF) Antibody An antibody that works by binding to nerve growth factor (NGF) and blocks its interaction with TrkA to interrupt the pain-sensing neurons to send signals, reducing pain in conditions like osteoarthritis.
Anti-sense Oligonucleotides A single-stranded deoxyribonucleotide, which is complementary to the mRNA target. The goal of the antisense approach is the downregulation of a molecular target, usually achieved by induction of RNase H endonuclease activity that cleaves the RNA-DNA heteroduplex with a significant reduction of the target gene translation
Aptamers Defined as short single-stranded oligonucleotides that are capable of binding various molecules with high affinity and specificity.
Aquaculture Defined as breeding, raising, and harvesting fish, shellfish, and aquatic plants.
Aseptic Processing Defined as the processing and packaging of a commercially sterile product into sterilised containers followed by hermetic sealing with a sterilised closure in a manner that prevents viable microbiological recontamination of the sterile product
AsterTide™ Refers to Esco Aster’s cell therapy manufacturing platform
AsterMavors™ Refers to Esco Aster’s cellular agriculture/complementary protein manufacturing platform
Astericle™ Refers to Esco Aster’s extracellular vesicle manufacturing platform
ATCC American Type Culture Collection A nonprofit, global biological resource center and standards organization and the leading developer and supplier of authenticated cells lines and microorganisms.
Attenuated Vaccine A type of vaccine created by weakening a live pathogen, maintaining its viability while reducing its virulence. These vaccines prompt an immune response similar to a natural infection, providing robust and long-lasting immunity.
Atmospheric Room Temperature Plasma (ARTP) Technology A powerful technique to initiate random mutagenesis for microbial strain improvement.
Autologous Cell Therapy Refers to using cells from the patient himself/herself to treat diseases.
Auxotroph An organism unable to produce specific essential compounds necessary for its growth in particular environments. This inability results in reliance on external sources for these compounds.
Baby Hamster Kidney (BHK) Cells Cell line that originates from baby hamster kidney cells, specifically from 1-day-old hamsters. They are utilized for the study of viral infections due to their susceptibility to a wide range of viruses.
Beta-lactoglobulin A major whey protein in bovine milk accounting for approximately 10%–15% of total milk proteins and 58% of whey protein
Birnavirus Belong to double-stranded (ds) RNA viruses that infect vertebrate animals and other animals. Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) under the family Birnaviridae has been established as a replication-competent viral vector capable of carrying an epitope at multiple loci in the genome.
Bioactives Defined as nutrients and nonnutrients present in the food matrix (vegetal and animal sources) that can produce physiological effects beyond their classical nutritional properties.
Biogenesis The development of life from preexisting life
Biomass Defined as the total cellular content in cultures, critical for evaluating growth.
Biopolymer Refers to polymers produced from natural sources either chemically synthesized from a biological material or entirely biosynthesized by living organisms.
Bioprocessing Refers to the process of using living organisms, cells, or their components to produce useful products. It plays a crucial role in various industries, including biopharmaceutical manufacturing, but also the production of food, biofuels, and others.
Bioreactor A vessel that have been designed and produced to provide an effective environment for enzymes or whole cells to transform biochemicals into products
Bioscaffold Refers to a material typically composed of extracellular matrix (ECM) obtained by removing cells from tissues. These scaffolds play a crucial role in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine by providing structural support and cues for cell growth
Biopsy A medical procedure that involves taking a small sample of body tissue so it can be examined under a microscope.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) A gas produced by cellular respiration in organisms during the breakdown of sugars, fats, and amino acids with oxygen. It's a natural greenhouse gas, vital for photosynthesis and maintaining Earth's temperature.
CAR-T Cell Therapy A type of cell therapy that harnesses the power of the immune system to combat cancer. It involves engineering a patient's T cells (a type of white blood cell) to recognize and attack cancer cells specifically. T cells are collected from the patient, modified in a lab to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) that target cancer cells, and then infused back into the patient.
Cations Referred to as “positive ions”—they are positively charged because they have lost one or more electrons and therefore have more protons than electrons.
Cell Bank/Banking A systematic process of preserving and storing cell lines under controlled conditions for future use in various biotechnological applications. Its purpose is to maintain a renewable and stable supply of well-characterized cells, ensuring cell viability and functionality over an extended period.
Cell Clone Refers to a group of cells sharing identical genetic information, originating from a single parent cell through asexual reproduction. Cloning can yield genetically identical populations of cells or organisms, a process commonly employed in biotechnology and genetics.
Cell Lines A general term that applies to a defined population of cells that can be maintained in culture for an extended period of time, retaining stability of certain phenotypes and functions.
Cell Line Creation Refers to generating custom cell lines stably expressing foreign proteins can serve many purposes such as labeling cells to visualize their location or insertion of a gene of interest.
Cellular Agriculture An emerging field of producing animal products from cell culture, rather than animals. This field builds on advances in biotechnology, and currently informs food science of protein-containing products such as milk and eggs, as well as tissue-based foods such as meat and fish
Ceramides Fats or lipids that are found in skin cells. They make up 30% to 40% of your outer skin layer, or epidermis which are important for retaining your skin's moisture and preventing the entry of germs into your body
Circovirus This virus was isolated from porcine kidney cell line (PK-15) as an adventitious virus. It is small, nonenveloped animal virus with single-stranded circular DNA.
Circular RNA (circRNA) A type of endogenous non-coding RNA without 5' or 3' ends, forming a covalently closed loop structure. They're distinct from linear RNAs and exhibit roles in diverse biological processes. Their functions include acting as microRNA sponges, regulators of gene expression, and potential therapeutic targets or tools for enhanced protein production
Chemiluminescent Immunoassays (CLIA) A highly sensitive immunoassay technique that combines chemiluminescence and immunoreaction, enabling lower analyte detection limits compared to other immunoassay methods
Chimeric Antigen Receptors (CARs) Recombinant receptors for antigens which redirect the specificity and function of T lymphocytes and/or other immune cells in a single molecule. The concept of using CARs in cancer immunotherapy is that they are programmed to target tumor-associated antigens, can be replicated rapidly and homogenously.
Chinese Ovary Hamster (CHO) cells Cell line derived from the ovary of the Chinese hamster, meant for use in biological and medical research and commercially in the production of therapeutic proteins.
Chondroblast Progenitor cells responsible for forming cartilage.
Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) Refers to the federal regulatory standards that apply to all clinical laboratory testing performed on humans in the United States (with the exception of clinical trials and basic research). A clinical laboratory is defined by CLIA as any facility which performs laboratory testing on specimens obtained from humans for the purpose of providing information for health assessment and for the diagnosis, prevention, or treatment of disease
Clinical Trial A type of research that studies new tests and treatments and evaluates their effects on human health outcomes.
Compendial Testing Tests that are performed to determine if the material's specifications are met and/or to address anticipated regulatory concerns. These test series can also be applied to determine general drug compatibility or for routine quality control.
Complementary Proteins Refers to sets of proteins that are consumed at the same time in order to fulfil the amino acid deficiency in the other meal.
Continuous Fermentation Refers to a microbial process with a constant flow of culture medium through the reactor.
Continuous Flow Chemistry Describes the performance of a reaction in a continuous manner within narrow channels exploiting these intrinsic properties resulting in strictly controlled reaction conditions.
Coronavirus A single strand of positive-sense RNA belonging to the family Coronaviridae. Being positive-stranded RNA viruses, they show promise due to their ability to delete genes and carry foreign genetic material, making them potential vaccine vectors
Cosmeceuticals A new category of products placed between cosmetics and pharmaceuticals that are intended for the enhancement of both the health and beauty of skin.
Cosmetics Refers to substances put on the face or body that are intended to improve its appearance or quality
COVID-19 An infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Transmission of the virus occurs primarily through the respiratory droplets of infected people.
CRDMO Contract Research and Development Manufacturing Organization A company that offers outsourcing solutions in the pharmaceutical and biotech sectors. They specialize in handling various stages of drug/biologics development, from formulation and manufacturing to packaging.
CRISPR Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats A revolutionary gene-editing tool derived from bacterial immune systems. It allows precise modification of DNA, offering vast potential in various fields, from medicine to agriculture.
Cryopreservation Refers to preserving biological samples by freezing them at extremely low temperatures (usually below -80°C) for extended periods.
Cultivated Meat Also known as “cultured meat”, is genuine animal meat (including seafood and organ meats) that is produced by cultivating animal cells directly. This production method eliminates the need to raise and farm animals for food. Cultivated meat is made of the same cell types that can be arranged in the same or similar structure as animal tissues, thus replicating the sensory and nutritional profiles of conventional meat.
Curcumin A powerful compound from turmeric that aids in the management of oxidative and inflammatory conditions, metabolic syndrome, arthritis, anxiety, and hyperlipidemia
Cytokines Proteins crucial for cell signaling, regulating immune responses, inflammation, and communication between cells. They're diverse and have various functions, controlling the body's defense against infections and diseases by aiding communication between immune cells
Keyword Definition
Dendritic Cells Cells that primarily function as antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Their key role involves capturing, processing, and presenting antigens to activate T cells, initiating adaptive immune responses.
Density Gradient Centrifugation A technique using density variances to separate particles like cells or biomolecules based on their buoyant densities. It utilizes a gradient of density within a centrifuge tube, typically achieved by layering solutions with varying densities.
Depyrogenation The process of removing pyrogens, from solutions or surfaces, crucial in pharmaceutical and medical settings.
Design of Experiment (DOE) A systematic, efficient method that enables scientists and engineers to study the relationship between multiple input variables (aka factors) and key output variables (aka responses).
Diafiltration (DF) Sometimes referred to as buffer exchange, it involves the addition of buffer such that the liquid surrounding the target is exchanged to one that is preferred for storage stability
Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction (dPCR) A biotechnological refinement of conventional polymerase chain reaction methods that can be used to directly quantify and clonally amplify nucleic acids strands including DNA, cDNA, or RNA.
DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid The molecule that carries genetic information for the development and functioning of an organism
Drug Product A finished dosage form, e.g., tablet, capsule, or solution, that contains a drug substance, generally, but not necessarily, in association with one or more other ingredients.
Drug Substance An active ingredient that is intended to furnish pharmacological activity or other direct effect in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease or to affect the structure or any function of the human body, but does not include intermediates used in the synthesis of such ingredient.
Downstream Processing (DSP) Refers to series of operations which involves the purification and extraction of biosynthetic products, especially pharmaceuticals, from natural sources like cells, tissues, or fluids.
ECACC European Collection of Authenticated Cell Cultures A renowned repository for authenticated cell cultures worldwide, housing various cell lines from diverse species and tissue types.
End-of-Production Cell Bank (EoPCB) Specialized repositories storing cells from the final stages of production. These banks house cells crucial for quality control, ensuring consistency and safety in biologic production.
Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) A vital immunological test measuring antibodies, antigens, proteins, and glycoproteins in biological samples like blood or cell supernatant.
Epidemic Refers to an increase in cases of a disease beyond what's normally expected in a specific community or region. It's not bound by geographical location but by the affected population's size.
Epithelial Cells Type of cell that covers the inside and outside of the surfaces of your body.
Epitope A group of amino acids or other chemical groups exposed on the surface of a molecule, frequently a protein, which can generate an antigenic response and bind antibody.
Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) A virus that mainly infects B lymphocytes and could immortalize and transform the cells into EBV-bearing lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs)
Erythropoietin A hormone primarily produced by the kidneys that stimulates the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow. This hormone regulates the body's oxygen-carrying capacity, crucial for various bodily functions.
Escherichia coli A well-established bacterial host that offers short culturing time, easy genetic manipulation and low-cost media. Protein expression in the bacterium E. coli is the most popular means of producing recombinant protein. E. coli is
Exosomes Defined as extracellular vesicles generated by all cells that carry nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and metabolites. They are mediators of near and long-distance intercellular communication in health and disease and affect various aspects of cell biology
Extracellular Vesicles Refers to lipid-bound particles released by cells into the extracellular space. They play crucial roles in intercellular communication.
Extrusion A process where a material is pushed through a tool with a specialized shape called a die, producing continuous objects of a fixed cross sectional profile.
Ex vivo Refers to experiments for procedures conducted outside a living organism but within a controlled environment using tissue or cells taken from an organism.
Fermentation A metabolic process driven by enzymes that convert sugars into alcohol, acids, or gases in the absence of oxygen. This process is facilitated by microorganisms like yeasts or bacteria. It is a fundamental process in creating foods like yogurt, cheese, and kimchi, enhancing flavors and preserving food
Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) A growth supplement for in vitro cell culture, and it is typically added to basal cell culture media at a concentration of 5–10%.
Fibroblast A fundamental cell in connective tissue responsible for synthesizing the extracellular matrix (ECM) and collagen. They're elongated and flat, shaping the ECM framework and supporting tissue structure. Functions include wound healing, ECM maintenance, and providing structural support.
Fibronectin A multifunctional adhesive glycoprotein that plays an important role in tissue repair, in regulating cell attachment and motility, and in embryogenesis.
Fill and Finish In the pharmaceutical industry, it refers to the process of packaging medicines for distribution. Filling stage involves the actual filling of vials or containers with vaccine, pharmaceutical drug substances, or biological materials. This step requires precision and adherence to strict standards to ensure accurate dosage. Finishing encompasses various tasks post-filling, including sterilization, labeling, packaging, and quality inspection. The containers undergo sterilization to maintain aseptic conditions, followed by labeling and proper packaging before distribution
Flavivirus Belongs to a family of positive, single-stranded, enveloped RNA viruses. The genus includes the West Nile virus, dengue virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, yellow fever virus, Zika virus and several other viruses. Because it is glycosylated, the flavivirus nonstructural 1 (NS1) protein has an unusual structure-function because it forms different structures to facilitate different intracellular and extracellular roles, such as roles in the replication complex, assisting in virus assembly, and complement antagonism.
Flow Cytometry A technology that rapidly analyzes single cells or particles as they flow past single or multiple lasers while suspended in a buffered salt-based solution. Each particle is analyzed for visible light scatter and one or multiple fluorescence parameters.
Flow Electroporation A non-viral transfection technique that utilizes electrical pulses to temporarily relax cell membranes, facilitating the entry of molecules or genetic material into cells. This method allows efficient modification of cell genomes and is scalable for large cell population.
Fluorescent-activated Cell Sorting (FACS) Sometimes called “fluorescence-assisted cell sorting”, is a specialized type of flow cytometry that uses fluorescent markers to target and isolate cell groups. This cell sorting technique is commonly used in hematopoiesis, oncology, and stem cell biology research
FMCG Fast Moving Consumer Goods Refers to affordable products that move quickly off shelves.
Formylation It refers to any chemical processes in which a compound is functionalized with a formyl group.
FSSC 22000 V5.1 Food Safety System Certification An internationally recognized food safety management system certification scheme. It encompasses ISO 22000, the PRP specification/s (ISO/TS standards and BSI PAS), and additional requirements specified by FSSC 22000. This certification assists organizations in establishing and managing global food safety management systems, ensuring compliance with stringent industry benchmarks like the Global Food Safety Initiative (GFSI)
Fusarium venenatum A fungus used to make mycoprotein, a meat substitute that is flavoured and textured to resemble chicken or beef and formed into patties, pie ingredients, sausages, 'deli' slices and cutlets.
Keyword Definition
Fermentation A metabolic process driven by enzymes that convert sugars into alcohol, acids, or gases in the absence of oxygen. This process is facilitated by microorganisms like yeasts or bacteria. It is a fundamental process in creating foods like yogurt, cheese, and kimchi, enhancing flavors and preserving food
Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) A growth supplement for in vitro cell culture, and it is typically added to basal cell culture media at a concentration of 5–10%.
Fibroblast A fundamental cell in connective tissue responsible for synthesizing the extracellular matrix (ECM) and collagen. They're elongated and flat, shaping the ECM framework and supporting tissue structure. Functions include wound healing, ECM maintenance, and providing structural support.
Fibronectin A multifunctional adhesive glycoprotein that plays an important role in tissue repair, in regulating cell attachment and motility, and in embryogenesis.
Fill and Finish In the pharmaceutical industry, it refers to the process of packaging medicines for distribution. Filling stage involves the actual filling of vials or containers with vaccine, pharmaceutical drug substances, or biological materials. This step requires precision and adherence to strict standards to ensure accurate dosage. Finishing encompasses various tasks post-filling, including sterilization, labeling, packaging, and quality inspection. The containers undergo sterilization to maintain aseptic conditions, followed by labeling and proper packaging before distribution
Flavivirus Belongs to a family of positive, single-stranded, enveloped RNA viruses. The genus includes the West Nile virus, dengue virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, yellow fever virus, Zika virus and several other viruses. Because it is glycosylated, the flavivirus nonstructural 1 (NS1) protein has an unusual structure-function because it forms different structures to facilitate different intracellular and extracellular roles, such as roles in the replication complex, assisting in virus assembly, and complement antagonism.
Flow Cytometry A technology that rapidly analyzes single cells or particles as they flow past single or multiple lasers while suspended in a buffered salt-based solution. Each particle is analyzed for visible light scatter and one or multiple fluorescence parameters.
Flow Electroporation A non-viral transfection technique that utilizes electrical pulses to temporarily relax cell membranes, facilitating the entry of molecules or genetic material into cells. This method allows efficient modification of cell genomes and is scalable for large cell population.
Fluorescent-activated Cell Sorting (FACS) Sometimes called “fluorescence-assisted cell sorting”, is a specialized type of flow cytometry that uses fluorescent markers to target and isolate cell groups. This cell sorting technique is commonly used in hematopoiesis, oncology, and stem cell biology research
FMCG Fast Moving Consumer Goods Refers to affordable products that move quickly off shelves.
Formylation It refers to any chemical processes in which a compound is functionalized with a formyl group.
FSSC 22000 V5.1 Food Safety System Certification An internationally recognized food safety management system certification scheme. It encompasses ISO 22000, the PRP specification/s (ISO/TS standards and BSI PAS), and additional requirements specified by FSSC 22000. This certification assists organizations in establishing and managing global food safety management systems, ensuring compliance with stringent industry benchmarks like the Global Food Safety Initiative (GFSI)
Fusarium venenatum A fungus used to make mycoprotein, a meat substitute that is flavoured and textured to resemble chicken or beef and formed into patties, pie ingredients, sausages, 'deli' slices and cutlets.
Gene of Interest (GOI) Refers to a specific gene researchers focus on studying or manipulating. It is often the target of experiments, such as knockout studies or overexpression analysis
Genetic Engineering Also called “genetic modification”, is a process that uses laboratory-based technologies to alter the DNA makeup of an organism. This may involve changing a single base pair (A-T or C-G), deleting a region of DNA or adding a new segment of DNA
GRAS Generally Recognized as Safe Refers to a designation by the US FDA that certifies a substance or ingredient as safe for use in food or pharmaceuticals under specified conditions.
Growth Factors Naturally occurring substances that stimulate cell proliferation, wound healing, and cellular differentiation. These biologically active molecules regulate cell growth and can affect various cellular processes like proliferation, migration, differentiation, and survival.
Health Sciences Authority (HSA) Singapore’s national regulatory body overseeing health products, managing the blood bank, transfusion, and forensic medicine. It functions under the Ministry of Health and encompasses diverse expertise.
Heat Shock Protein (HSP) Specific type of protein made when cells are briefly exposed to temperatures above their normal growth temperature.
HEK (Human Embryonic Kidney) 293 cells Cells derived from human embryonic kidney cells, these lack the SV40 large T antigen. They're robust, low-maintenance cells, ideal for protein expression and viral production.
HEK (Human Embryonic Kidney) 293T cells Modified version of HEK293, engineered to express the SV40 large T antigen. This modification enhances their transfection efficiency and viral packaging capabilities
HeLa Cells Cells derived from Henrietta Lacks in 1951, were considered the first immortal human cells cultured in labs, revolutionizing biomedical research. Their unique properties facilitated breakthroughs in understanding cancer, virology, genetics, and more
HEPES Hydroxyethylpiperazine Ethane Sulfonic Acid A zwitterionic buffer widely used in biological research due to its exceptional buffering capacity.
High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) An analytical technique for separating, identifying, and quantifying components within a mixture. It operates by passing a sample through a column with a stationary phase that interacts differently with various components, causing them to elute at different times.
High-throughput Screening (HTS) The use of automated equipment to rapidly test thousands to millions of samples for biological activity at the model organism, cellular, pathway, or molecular level.
Hollow Fiber Bioreactor A 3D cell culture system utilizing semi-permeable hollow fibers. These capillary-like membranes allow the exchange of nutrients and waste, mimicking physiological conditions
Homogeneity A term used to describe uniformity or similarity within a substance, process, or group. It signifies a consistent composition or structure where parts or elements are alike.
HUH 7.5 Cells A specific line of liver cancer cells, initially derived from the Huh-7 cell line. They are highly permissive for Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) replication.
Human Embryonic Stem Cells (hESCs) Cells that originate from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst, an early-stage embryo. They possess pluripotent capabilities, meaning they can develop into various cell types in the body
Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) Genes in major histocompatibility complexes (MHC) that help code for proteins that differentiate between self and non-self
Human Platelet Lysate A growth factor-rich cell culture supplement derived from healthy donor human platelets for the expansion of cells in vitro.
Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography A liquid chromatography used to separate and purify biomolecules by their hydrophobic interaction with the hydrophobic ligands coupled to porous media.
Keyword Definition
Laminin A large glycoprotein in the extracellular matrix, crucial for cell adhesion, migration, and signaling.
Lateral Flow Immunoassay (LFAI) A rapid, cost-effective diagnostic method used for various purposes, including screening, diagnosis, and point-of-care testing. This assay utilize antibody-antigen interactions to detect specific analytes in samples.
Lentivirus A viral species belonging to the family of Retroviridae that includes human immunodeficiency virus I (HIV). LVs are RNA viruses with a packaging capacity up to 8 kb, with the ability to confer long-term transgene expression. It is crucial in CAR T-cell therapy for gene delivery as it integrates the CAR therapeutic gene into T cells post-activation, allowing for durable CAR expression within the T cell genome
Leukapheresis A medical procedure aimed at removing specific components from the blood, primarily white blood cells. This process involves separating white blood cells from a blood sample, commonly used in conditions like acute and chronic leukemias to lower elevated white blood cell counts and for cancer immunotherapy like CAR-T.
Linkers Also known as “spacers”, they are flexible molecules or molecular extensions used to connect two molecules of interest. They facilitate connections between entities like a fluorophore toa peptide or 2 peptides.
Lipid Any of a diverse group of organic compounds including fats, oils, hormones, and certain components of membranes that are grouped together because they do not interact appreciably with water.
Lipid Nanoparticles Spherical vesicles composed of lipids, like liposomes, used in drug delivery systems. They provide a stable nanostructure for mRNA encapsulation, crucial in mRNA-based therapies. LNPs serve as carriers for various compounds, including antibiotics, cosmetics, and therapeutics, enhancing their efficacy.
Liposomes Small spherical vesicles made from phospholipids, resembling cell membranes. These structures have hydrophilic and hydrophobic components, forming bilayers with an aqueous core. They serve as versatile drug delivery systems due to their ability to encapsulate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances.
Liposuction A surgical technique to remove localized fat deposits. Its main purpose is to reshape specific body areas permanently.
Liquid Phase Peptide Synthesis (LPPS) Defined as the process where peptide elongation is carried out in solution and the growing peptide chain is supported on a soluble tag, which confers characteristic properties.
Lymphoma A type of cancer originating in the lymphatic system, affecting immune white blood cells called lymphocytes.
Lyophilization Also known as “freeze-drying”, is a process in which water in the form of ice under low pressure is removed from a material by sublimation.
Keyword Definition
Macrocarrier Support matrices that differ in size from microcarriers and provide support for cell growth on a larger scale than microcarriers.
Madin-Darby Canina Kidney (MDCK) Cells A continuous cell line derived from the distal tubules of a canine kidney. Widely utilized in research, MDCK cells are valuable for various purposes, including influenza research.
Master Cell Bank (MCB) Defined as the primary source of a cell line, originating from a well-characterized and extensively tested cell population. It acts as the "gold standard" for the production process. MCBs are created early in the development phase and undergo rigorous testing to ensure genetic stability and quality.
Measles Virus A negative-sense RNA virus with a nonsegmented genome and a lipid envelope that belongs to the Morbillivirus genus of the Paramyxoviridae family. Because of its high safety, efficacy, and long-lasting immunity, it is considered as an excellent vector for delivering vaccines for human pathogen
Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cell (MSC) A multipotent cell type known for its regenerative capabilities. These cells, characterized by a small body and few processes, can differentiate into various cell types like bone, cartilage, and fat cells
Messenger RNA (mRNA) A single-stranded RNA molecule crucial in protein synthesis. This molecule contains instructions for cells to produce specific proteins, like the spike protein in mRNA COVID-19 vaccines.
Microbial Microdroplet Culture (MMC) System An integrated platform for automated, high-throughput microbial cultivation and adaptive evolution.
Microcarrier Small beads used in bioreactors to cultivate cells, providing a surface for cell attachment and growth. These beads, typically 100-300 ?m in diameter, come in various types—non-porous, microporous, and macroporous—each influencing cell growth differently.
Microfluidics As system pertaining to the study of behaviour of fluids through micro-channels, and the technology of manufacturing microminiaturized devices containing chambers and tunnels through which fluids flow or are confined
MicroRNA A short, non-coding RNA molecules, typically 21 to 23 nucleotides long, found in plants, animals, and some viruses. It plays crucial roles in regulating gene expression by binding to target messenger RNAs (mRNAs), either degrading them or inhibiting their translation into proteins.
Modified Vaccine Virus Ankara This virus was developed by serial tissue culture passage in primary chicken cells of vaccinia virus strain Ankara. As a result of being modified to thrive in avian cells, MVA lost its capacity to reproduce in mammals and is deficient in many of the genes that orthopoxviruses utilize to conquer their host (cell) environment
Monoclonal Antibody (mAbs) Laboratory-produced molecules engineered to serve as substitute antibodies that can restore, enhance, modify or mimic the immune system's attack on cells that aren't wanted, such as cancer cells.
Monoclonality Refers to cells originating from a single source, crucial in fields like cancer research and antibody production.
MRC-5 Cells Cell line derived from the lung tissue of a 14-week-old male fetus in 1966. These human diploid cells are commonly used in viral vaccine production due to their ability to support viral growth.
Multimodal Column Chromatography Also known as “mixed mode chromatography” is a liquid chromatography technique used for the purification of proteins and other biomolecules. It can be successfully used in research, process development, and bioprocessing to purify biomolecules that are difficult to separate by other chromatography methods.
Mutagenesis A process by which an organism's deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA) change, resulting in a gene mutation.
Mycoplasma Test This test is primarily used in pharmaceutical industry and cell cultures to ensure absence or early detection of mycoplasma contamination. Detection involves various techniques like PCR-based systems, culture, indicator cell tests, and rapid kits.
Mycotoxin Defined as naturally occurring toxins produced by certain molds (fungi) and can be found on food.
Nanomedicine Defined as the development of nanoscale (1–100nm) or nanostructured objects/nano-robots/skin patches and their use in medicine for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes based on the use of their structure, which has unique medical effects.
Nanoparticles Small particles sized 1 to 100 nanometers which find extensive use in various consumer products, from cosmetics to electronics, due to their unique properties. These tiny particles, prevalent in materials like ceramics and polymers, contribute to improved conductivity, durability, and efficiency, such as in solar cells and drug delivery systems.
Natural Killer (NK) Cells Are lymphocytes in the same family as T and B cells, coming from a common progenitor. They were first noticed for their ability to kill tumour cells without any priming or prior activation (in contrast to cytotoxic T cells, which need priming by antigen presenting cells).
Neural Stem Cells Multipotent cells which are able to self-renew and proliferate without limit, to produce progeny cells which terminally differentiate into neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes.
Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) A promising vaccine vector against human and veterinary pathogens. Being an RNA virus, there is little chance of it recombining with the DNA of the host cell. This makes it an excellent vaccination vector for foreign sequences. When used as a vaccination vector in humans, NDV has a number of benefits over other viral vaccine vectors.
Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) Medicines that are widely used to relieve pain, reduce inflammation, and bring down a high temperature.
Nucleic Acid Biomolecules essential for life, encompassing DNA and RNA. They store, transmit, and express genetic information
Oncolytic Virus An emerging class of cancer therapeutics that offer the benefits of selective replication in tumor cells, delivery of multiple eukaryotic transgene payloads, induction of immunogenic cell death and promotion of antitumor immunity, and a tolerable safety profile that largely does not overlap with that of other cancer therapeutics
Orthomyxovirus Orthomyxovirus belongs to the family of negative-sense RNA viruses. This family comprises the genus Influenza virus, which contains two species A and B and an unnamed genus that contains influenza C virus.
Osteoarthritis A degenerative joint disease caused by the breakdown of joint tissues over time.
Osteoblast Cells that form new bones and grow and heal existing bones
Outward Licensing Refers to the process when a company (the licensor) grants another organization (the licensee) the right to use its product, technology, or intellectual property. In this case, the licensor typically receives royalties, upfront fees, or milestone payments from the licensee. Out-licensing allows the licensor to generate revenue from its assets, capitalize on the licensee’s expertise, or enter new markets through the licensee’s established presence.
Keyword Definition
Packed-bed Bioreactor A type of bioreactor wherein a cell substrate is used to provide a surface for the attachment of adherent cells. Medium is perfused along the surface or through the semi-porous substrate to provide nutrients and oxygen needed for cell growth.
Pandemic Refers to an epidemic that has spread across multiple countries or continents, affecting a substantial number of people. It's characterized by widespread transmission and may impact various regions globally.
Paracrine Effect Refers to a type of cell-to-cell signaling where cells release molecules that affect nearby cells. These signaling molecules, like growth factors or hormones, act locally rather than systemically.
Paramyxovirus An enveloped virus with negative sense single-stranded RNA genome. It includes the parainfluenza viruses and mumps virus. Due to the lack of a DNA phase in their life cycle and consequent lack of integration into host cell DNA, paramyxoviruses make excellent vaccination vectors.
Parvovirus A non-enveloped single-stranded DNA virus belonging to the Parvoviridae family. Viruses in this family, which are distinguished by their oncotropism, oncosuppression, long-term gene expression, human apathogenicity, as well as methods of efficient recombinant vector production, have increased interest in using parvovirus-based vectors in cancer gene therapy.
Payload Highly active molecules that are too toxic to be administered in their untargeted forms at therapeutic dose levels.
Peptide-drug Conjugate Defined as drug delivery system consisting of a drug covalently coupled to a multifunctional peptide via a cleavable linker.
Peptide Macrolyzation A process that involves creating macrocyclic peptides by forming one or more rings spanning multiple amino acid residues. This process often enhances stability, bioactivity, and properties of peptides.
Peptides A short string of 2 to 50 amino acids, formed by a condensation reaction, joining together through a covalent bond.
Peptide Stapling Refers to a process involving using synthetic braces or “staples” to constrain short peptides into an alpha-helical structure. This stabilization helps peptides resist degradation by enzymes and enhances their binding affinity to specific targets.
Pericytes Refers to cells that are present at intervals along the walls of capillaries (and post-capillary venules).
PG13 Cell Line This cell originates from TK-NIH/3T3 cells, initially derived from the gibbon ape Leukemia Virus (GaLV). It serves as retrovirus packaging cells which has been crucial in producing recombinant retroviruses for targeting human cancer cells.
Pheromone Refers to chemical signals emitted by animals, including humans, to communicate various messages. These compounds, released through sweat, urine, semen, and breast milk, influence mood, sexual attraction, and even convey genetic information. In agriculture, it is an integral component in monitoring and managing agricultural pests, facilitating methods like mating disruption and mass trapping.
Pichia pastoris A methylotrophic yeast, commonly used in molecular biology as an expression system for producing recombinant proteins.
Picornavirus Tiny, single-stranded, naked RNA-positive viruses that represent some of the most significant milestones in the history of virology. They are known for their proposed use as immunization vectors.
Platelets Also known as “thrombocytes”, are small, colorless cell fragments in our blood that form clots and stop or prevent bleeding. They are made in our bone marrow, the sponge-like tissue inside our bones.
Plasmid DNA-based molecule that contain protein encoding transgenes and are versatile constructs for regulating gene expression to treat or possibly cure diseases such as cancer and rare genetic disease
Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) Modification Also known as “PEGylation”, is the process of covalent attachment of PEG polymer chains to another molecule, normally a drug or therapeutic protein.
Polymersomes Artificial vesicles, resulting from the assembly of synthetic amphiphilic copolymer blocks, capable of carrying and releasing drugs.
Precision Fermentation A type of fermentation that uses genetically engineered microorganisms to produce specific proteins, enzymes, and other compounds. This is accomplished by inserting genes into the microorganisms' DNA to allow them to produce the desired product
Process Analytical Technology (PAT) A system that designs, analyzes, and manages manufacturing by promptly measuring crucial quality and performance parameters during production. Its core aim is to enhance efficiency, product quality, and safety.
Process Development Refers to designing and developing, as well as evaluating costs and efficiency of the manufacturing process.
Producer Cell Lines Refers to cell lines that serve as factories for generating viral vectors used in gene therapy, enabling efficient and scalable production. These cell lines, like the HEK-293, are commonly used due to their ability to support viral vector production.
Proof of Concept (POC) A demonstration showcasing the feasibility of an idea or method.
Proteomics A comprehensive study of proteins within an organism or system, aiming to understand their functions, structures, interactions, and roles.
Quality by Design (QbD) A strategic approach employed in various industries, including pharmaceuticals, manufacturing, and product development, to ensure the consistent delivery of high-quality products. It involves a systematic and proactive process of integrating quality considerations throughout the entire product lifecycle, from conception to production.
Radio Imaging Refers to the use of various imaging technologies to diagnose and treat diseases within the human body. It encompasses procedures like radiography, ultrasound, CT scans, MRI, and more.
Recombinant DNA Technology Refers to combining DNA molecules from different sources using techniques like molecular cloning, altering the genetic makeup of organisms. It typically involves isolating a gene, inserting it into a vector (like a plasmid), transferring it into a host organism, and allowing the host to express the gen
Recombinant Protein A manipulated form of protein, which is generated in various ways to produce large quantities of proteins, modify gene sequences and manufacture useful commercial products.
Regenerative Therapy Encompasses a multidisciplinary approach focused on restoring tissue and organ function damaged by aging, disease, or injury. It involves innovative treatments seeking to regenerate cells, tissues, or organs, often using biological materials or engineering techniques.
Reovirus A nonenveloped, ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus and a member Reoviridae family. This wild type "prototype" oncolytic virus is currently being studied as a potential cancer virotherapy
Research Cell Bank Specialized repositories used to store cells that are specifically used for, as the name suggests, research and development purposes.
Retrovirus A virus popular as gene therapy vectors because they stably integrate the DNA copy of their genome into the host chromosome during their replication cycle. It has a relatively simple genome and structure making it easy to use and relatively safe for in vivo applications. Currently, they have also been used in alternative efforts to enhance the body's own immune response to tumors; this treatment involves reinjecting tumor cells that have been UV irradiated, genetically manipulated, or admixed with non-specific adjuvants
Reversed-phase Chromatography A liquid chromatography technique that involves the separation of molecules on the basis of hydrophobic interactions between the solute molecules in the mobile phase and the ligands attached to the stationary phase.
Rhabdovirus Any of a group of viruses constituting the family Rhabdoviridae, responsible for rabies and vesicular stomatitis of cattle and horses. There are numerous vaccine approaches that have made use of rhabdoviral vectors, including the rabies virus and the vesicular stomatitis virus. These viruses have well-established reverse genetics systems for virus recovery, resulting in tiny, readily manipulable genomes that can stably express foreign glycoproteins.
Ring –closing Metathesis (RCM) A potent synthetic method for forming cyclic compounds, especially heterocycles.
RNA Ribonucleic Acid Nucleic acid present in all living cells that has structural similarities to DNA. Unlike DNA, however, RNA is most often single-stranded. An RNA molecule has a backbone made of alternating phosphate groups and the sugar ribose, rather than the deoxyribose found in DNA
Roller Bottles Optimal vessels for small to large scale cell growth and multiplication, that are suitable for both research and manufacturing applications
RT-PCR Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction A technique used to determine the expression level of target genes and is widely used in biomedical science research including nanotoxicology studies for semiquantitative analysis
Keyword Definition
Saponin An organic compound that exhibits biological effects such as hemolysis, causing the breakdown of red blood cells.
Scale-out Defined as increasing capacity by distributing the workload across multiple machines, adding more nodes to a network or system.
Scale-up Defined as increasing a system's capacity by enhancing the power of existing hardware, like adding more RAM, CPU, or storage to a single machine. It simplifies processes due to a single, larger machine.
Secretomes Refers to the complete set of proteins and other molecules that a cell, tissue, or organism secretes into its surrounding environment. This encompasses various biological factors and organic/inorganic components released by cells into the extracellular space.
Self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) A type of genetic material used in vaccines. It contains elements that enable it to amplify itself within cells, producing more copies of the encoded antigen.
Serum Amyloid A An acute phase reactant produced by the liver that rises during inflammation. Its role includes transport of cholesterol to the liver for secretion into the bile, the recruitment of immune cells to inflammatory sites, and the induction of enzymes that degrade extracellular matrix.
SF9 Cells A cell line exhibiting epithelial morphology that was derived from pupa ovarian tissue of a fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda). This cell line can be used to replicate baculovirus expression vectors.
Short Tandem Repeat (STR) Analysis Defined as an important tool in verification of authenticity of human cell lines, quality control of stored human tissues and fluids, and assessment of the nature of known mixtures
Single Cell Protein (SCP) Refers to dead, dry cells of microorganisms, serving as food or feed supplements
Single-domain Antibodies A compact peptide chain, typically around 110 amino acids long, derived from the variable domain (VH) of a heavy-chain antibody, like those found in camelids. These antibodies lack the light chains found in conventional antibodies but retain potent antigen-binding capabilities.
Single-interfering RNA A double-stranded, non-coding RNA molecule about 20-25 nucleotides long. It's a potent tool in RNA interference (RNAi), regulating gene expression by silencing specific genes. siRNA has diverse applications, including therapeutic potential against diseases like viral infections and cancer
Single Peptide Screening Screening method that involves phage display libraries, peptide scanning, and iterative synthesis. It's used to identify individual peptides with specific functions, interactions, or properties within a larger pool.
Size Exclusion Chromatography A chromatographic-based method used to fractionate molecules based on their hydrodynamic dimensions.
Skin Efficacy Testing A series of tests that involves verifying claims made by skincare products regarding their effects, such as anti-aging, exfoliating, or moisturizing properties
Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate–Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) A commonly used method to obtain high resolution separation of complex mixtures of proteins. The method initially denatures the proteins that will undergo electrophoresis.
Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis (SPPS) Defined as a process in which a peptide anchored by its c-terminus to an insoluble polymer is assembled by the successive addition of the protected amino acids constituting its sequence.
Sonication A process that uses ultrasound to enhance drug delivery and formulation.
Sphingolipid A major class of lipid that act as signaling molecules, regulating cell growth, apoptosis, and immune responses.
Spectrophotometry A quantitative method that measures how substances absorb light by assessing light intensity as it passes through a sample
Stable Cell Line Refers to a population of cells that have been genetically altered to express a particular gene consistently over many generations. These cells maintain the introduced genetic material through cell division.
Stemistry Defined as the control of stem cells in situ using chemistry. It refers to the ability of small molecules to be used as important tools in controlling stem cells which will help us understand more about their underlying nature.
Strain Development A process that involves enhancing microbial isolates to acquire specific advantageous traits for solving particular challenges. It is critical in bioprocess development, achieved through approaches like directed evolution, mutation, and systems strategies
Subunit Vaccine Vaccine that contains specific fragments of a pathogen, focusing on essential antigens to trigger an immune response. It excludes the entire pathogen, making it safer for individuals who can't receive live vaccines.
Suspension Culture Refers to a method of growing cells in a liquid medium, allowing them to float freely rather than attaching to a surface.
Synthetic Biology An interdisciplinary field of engineering and biology. The subject incorporates various disciplines such as evolutionary biology, biotechnology, molecular biology, biophysics, computer engineering, genetic engineering, and systems biology.
Tangential Flow Filtration (TFF) A rapid and effective method for separating and purifying biomolecules using ultrafiltration membranes.
T cells Also called as T lymphocyte, they are crucial components of the immune system as they play various roles in immune response, including attacking cells infected with viruses, triggering other immune cells, and assisting B cells in antibody production
Technology Transfer A process of transferring scientific findings from one organization to another for the purpose of furthering development and commercialization.
Tetraspanin Molecular scaffolds that distribute proteins into highly organized microdomains consisting of adhesion, signaling, and adaptor proteins.
Therapeutics Refers to treatments used to alleviate or prevent a particular disease
Theranostics A term used to describe the integration of diagnostics and therapeutics, aiming to personalize treatment. It involves using one agent to diagnose and another to treat, often in nuclear medicine. This approach aids in tailored therapy for patients, especially in precision medicine by targeting diseases.
Thioether Formation A term used to describe the reaction between thiols and alkyl halide under SN2 conditions, generating thioethers.
Tide Motion Bioreactor A type of bioreactor specific for adherent cells whereby culture is under an extremely low shear stress environment. The proprietary “Tide Motion” principle is comparable to the gentle upward and downward movement of the culture medium in the vessel. The alternate exposure provides sufficient nutrient and oxygen consumption during cell culture. As adherent cells are surface dependent, these cells can attach to a robust geometrically designed macroporous carrier to mimic its in vivo state as it grows.
Trichoderma reesei A fungus grouped among the most prolific producers of plant cell-wall-degrading enzymes and is frequently used in industry for production of those and other performance proteins.
Transduction A process whereby foreign DNA is introduced into another cell via a viral vector
Transfection A the process of introducing nucleic acids into cells by non-viral methods.
Trypsinization A cell culture technique using trypsin, a protease, to detach cells from surfaces or tissues
Tumor-infiltrating Lymphocytes (TILs) Are immune cells naturally present within tumors, primarily composed of T cells. They are considered as important biomarkers in predicting the efficacy and outcome of cancer treatment.
Ultrafiltration Ultrafiltration or UF (sometimes referred to as concentration) involves separation of components, on the basis of molecular weight and size, to isolate the biologic of interest.
USP Testing United States Pharmacopeia Refers to series of tests that includes checking for sterility, bioburden, and endotoxin to develop safe products.
Keyword Definition
Vaccination A simple, safe, and effective way of protecting people against harmful diseases, before they come into contact with them.
Vaccinia Virus A large, complex, enveloped virus belonging to the poxvirus family. It has previously been shown to be a highly efficacious vaccine vector for many viral diseases such as HIV (24, 25), SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV, respiratory syncytial virus, hepatitis B and C viruses, influenza virus, and many more.
Vector Copy Umer (VCN) This analysis is crucial in cell and gene therapy research, measured via Digital PCR. It measures the genetic dose of a transgene in modified cells, vital for treatment efficacy.
Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV) A zoonotic arbovirus that is related to rabies viruses and belongs to the Rhabdoviridae family. It was designed as a live viral vaccine vector for Ebola virus infections and is currently being tested in pre-clinical studies for other viruses such as SARS-CoV-2, HIV-1, hantaviruses, arenaviruses, and influenza viruses
Viral Vector Defined as crucial tools used in molecular biology to transfer genetic material into cells. These vectors, often derived from viruses, facilitate the delivery of desired genes into target cells, aiding in gene therapy and research.
Virus Envelope A protective outer layer found in some viruses. It's composed of a lipid bilayer derived from the host cell's membrane during the viral replication process
Virus-like Particles (VLP) Refers to virus-derived structures made up of one or more different molecules with the ability to self-assemble, mimicking the form and size of a virus particle but lacking the genetic material so they are not capable of infecting the host cell.
Wharton’s Jelly A gelatinous connective tissue composed of extracellular matrix abundant in glycosaminoglycans (mostly hyaluronic acid), collagen fibers and myofibroblasts, and occasional mast cells.
Working Cell Bank (WCB) Defined as smaller sub-banks derived from the master cell banks, used directly in production. They act as the working supply of cells, maintaining the same characteristics and quality as the MCB through regular testing. WCBs are prepared in smaller quantities and are routinely accessed for manufacturing without compromising the integrity of the MCB.